Notes On The Book The Odyssey - 1275 Words

Reading Notes The Odyssey book 1-4 Mena Salman Honors 155 September 10, 2014 Characters introduced in book 5: - Hermes: also known as â€Å"Hermes of the golden wand† or â€Å"the giant killer† is the messenger and son of the god Zeus. He was sent by Zues to inform Calypso of Zeus’s order to free Odysseus. -Leucothoe: also known as Leucothoes the white goddess. Daughter of Cadmus, Ino of the slim ankles she was once an immortal but now a goddess who lives in the salt depths of the sea. Leucothoe offers Odysseus help, but he chooses to not listen to her advice. Summary of Book 5: Due to the sympathy and sensitivity athene feels towards oddysseus’s plight and his entire family, she decides to approach Zues and broach the topic of Odysseus’s return . she decides to once again approach sues, this time more passionately and pressingly. She beseeches him to force colso== odysseus’s capture— to let odysseus free. After listening to Athena’s arguments, Zues decides that Odysseus has suffered for far to long. . He turned to Hermes, his son, and commanded him to travel to calypso and convey his order of Odysseus’s release. but, However he places a single restriction upon Odysseus’s journey towards freedom and him home: His He must undertake the journey alone for twenty day with no help from man nor immortal. After the period of trial commences,Odysseus—if successful— is promised treasures and spoils in the P Islands that rival those of the Trojan war. Hermes, the giant-killerShow More RelatedThe Odyssey Books 1-4: Notes Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Odyssey Books 1-4: Notes due Friday 1/10 (3/5) and Monday 1/13 (2/4) An Uncertain Identity Prince Telemachus is the first human character whom the reader meets. He is the son of the long-missing Greek warrior Odysseus, King of Ithaca. Telemachus is too young, too untested, too unsure to have a firmly established sense of identity. Having grown up fatherless in a household full of insolent men who are besieging his mother and consuming his inheritance, he feels totally powerless. The goddessRead MoreGreek Mythology1294 Words   |  6 PagesWorld s Classics) 2) Euripides, Bacchae, trans. Paul Woodruff (Hackett) 3) Hesiod, Works and Days and Theogony, trans. Stanley Lombardo (Hackett) 4) Homer, The Iliad, trans. Robert Fitzgerald (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux) 5) Homer, The Odyssey, trans. Robert Fitzgerald (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux) 6) Virgil, The Aeneid, trans. R. Fitzgerald (Vintage, 1990) Lectures: Tuesdays and Thursdays CLH L 11:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Tutorial Sections: |Section |Time and LocationRead MoreThe Role of Woman in The Odyssey1240 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough â€Å"The Odyssey† by the Greek poet Homer is very much an epic tale of a man’s heroic quest, women play an incredibly large role. Homer’s epic tale, â€Å"The Odyssey† revolves around Ulysses’ quest to return back to his wife, Penelope, so that he may be reunited with her and assume control over his palace, which has been overrun by suitors. Ulysses’ son, Telemachus attempts to regain authority in the presence of the many suitors but finds this difficult and embarks upon his own journey under theRead MoreThe Impacts Of The Odyssey In Homers The Odyssey1166 Words   |  5 PagesHomer’s epic poem The Odyssey follows Odysseus on his long journey home. The Epic also includes the stories of Odysseus’ family left behind: the travels of his son, Telemachus, and how plenty, of what we would now call â€Å"home wreckers†, suitors pressured his wife, Penelope, into marrying one of them. The characters are beautifully crafted and the story is truly epic. All the elements presented can bring in any reader from any century, the Cyclops, the Gods, the trickery of Penelope, and the disguisesRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey1267 Words   |  6 PagesLife in The Odyssey In The Odyssey, Odysseus is constantly being challenged. He is being challenged, so Homer can show us the standards for life in The Odyssey. There is no doubt that Odysseus is a great man, Homer even says so in the beginning lines of the text. Although Odysseus is a great man, he also makes mistakes but not any that he doesn t pay for. We learn the representation of life in The Odyssey through Odysseus challenges. Throughout the book, Odysseus specifically struggles with arroganceRead MoreEssay about Heroic Code in the Iliad and the Odyssey979 Words   |  4 PagesHeroic Code in the Iliad and the Odyssey In Websters Dictionary, a hero is defined as a person noted for courageous acts or nobility of purpose, especially if this individual has risked or sacrificed his life. In the Iliad and the Odyssey, the code which administers the conduct of the Homeric heroes is a straightforward idea. The aim of every hero is to achieve honor. Throughout the Iliad and the Odyssey, different characters take on the role of a hero. Honor is essential to the HomericRead MoreAnalysis On Monteverdis Il Ritorno DUlisse In Patria1441 Words   |  6 Pagesterm paper topic, I have decided to write on a lesser known opera that Claudio Monteverdi wrote in 1640 called Il Ritorno dUlisse in Patria which according to Edith Hall, is based on some parts of Homer’s famous Epic, the Odyssey, specifically on the second half of the book. I chose to write about a work by Monteverdi because I really enjoyed learning about how he incorporated some of the classics into his operas, such as in L’Orfeo and L’incoronazione di Poppea. Due to the lengthy natureRead MoreSymbolism Of Odysseus s Bow, The Cattle Of Helios, And Odysseus And Penelope s Bed1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe Odyssey was full of symbolism. Many people and events have a deeper meanings behind them. Through both parts of the novel we see many things that may mean more that they appear as. There is a lot of symbolism in the Odyssey and we see some in Odysseus’s bow, the cattle of Helios, Argus, Penelope’s Shroud, and Odysseus and Penelope’s bed. One example of symbolism is Odysseus’s bow during Penelope’s challenge. Only Odysseus has the strength to string the bow. This symbolizes how only OdysseusRead MoreCultural Role of Women in the Odyssey1025 Words   |  5 Pages   The cultural role of women in the Odyssey In Homer’s Odyssey the cultural relevance of a preferred woman’s role in society generally stands out in the roles of the female characters of Athena and Penelope simultaneously rejecting the negatively viewed characteristics of Calypso and Circe. The entire structure of Ancient Greek culture boasts its men in more superior roles than that of women. Greek society was largely built upon an idea that good women were only around to faithfully serve andRead MoreThe Aeneid and The Odyssey1324 Words   |  6 PagesThe Odyssey and Virgils The Aeneid? There are many similarities that could be examined indepth. The lovers encountered in both plays can lead to the idea of ancient plagarism. The games held by the greeks and trojans are similar to the Olympic Games. The downfall of characters, cities or monsters can be seen often in many stories. Maybe rewriting history is the effort of a plagarist to cheat true historical events. The lovers Aeneas and Odysseus encounter in either the Aeneid or Odyssey is vast

Starbucks Social Responsibility And Ethical Practices

Starbucks is a company where social responsibility and ethical practices is one of their major concerns. Their mission statement that has laid out the guiding principles states that their guidelines of keeping people first and profits last will be a part of their culture and they try to live by them every day. These guiding principles and their mission statement has been in order of the company primarily because of the visions of Starbucks chair and founder Howard Schultz. The basic concern of Starbucks of social responsibility in its overall corporate strategy has a lot to do with the visions and goals of Mr.Schutz. His main aim is to balance social consciousness and profitability. He is true believer that ethical companies do better in†¦show more content†¦Usually, companies mainly focus on their customers and investors, leaving out the employees who work hard for the company s benefit. This is a crucial issue for companies, because keeping the employees happy should be th eir top priority, which is the case for Starbucks. Starbucks believes that its employees is a large part of what sets it apart. Most of the companies do not provide the basic benefits for their employees who are a large part of the company s business, which was seen in the case of Schutz father who was not given any health benefits after his accident, which made it all the more difficult for him to work. Therefore, Schutz decided to consider the creation of a good work environment a top priority. He basically wanted to build the kind of company where his father never got to work for. The result of his vision is one of the best health-care programs in the coffee shop industry. He made sure that all the employees were offered a comprehensive benefits package that included stock option grants through Bean Stock , as well as health, medical, dental and vision benefits. This kind of employee benefit package is seen rarely in big companies, which makes it very unique for Starbucks for be ing able to provide such a high level benefits to its employees. 3.Do you think that Starbucks has grown rapidly because of its ethical and socially responsible activities or because it provides products and an environment thatShow MoreRelatedStarbucks Mission: Social Responsibility736 Words   |  3 PagesCase 2, Starbucks Mission: Social Responsibility and Brand Strength on pages 319-326. Answer the questions at the end of the case, plus this question: In what other ways does this case relate to the concepts that we have learned in the chapters so far? 1. Why do you think Starbucks has been so concerned with social responsibility in its overall corporate strategy? 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Companies are looking to adjust to their business and community expectations by making changes in the technological machinery and devices they use to reduce the company’s negative environmental impact. In order to sustain economic businesses, companies should not only concern about the financial benefits, but also ethic firms have to care about people, society, and the environment as well (Elkington 72)Read MoreStarbucks: Ethics in a Cup Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagesno regard to social, environmental, or economic responsibility. This worked for a time; profits were soaring in almost every business sector. Until the business world would be rocked by scandals at the start of the twenty-first century. The lack of business ethics in corporate America led to the worst economic downfall in America since the great depression. Today lawmakers, stakeholders, and consumers are demanding more ethical business practices, an d more social responsibility. Businesses thatRead MoreStarbucks Code Of Ethics1601 Words   |  7 Pagesabout their social, economic or environmental responsibilities? Many companies/ organisations stand for great causes and give money to charity but, is there anything else going on behind the scenes? Today stakeholders and consumers demand business to take more social responsibility and business practices. With greater ethical practices companies are more likely to see an upward trend in profits, customer satisfaction and employee commitment. In this essay, I will be examining Starbucks’ code of ethicsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1375 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Running head:( STARBUCKS) Starbucks Aneez Mohammed Columbia Southern University Starbucks. 1.Starbucks has worked hard to act ethically and responsibly. Has it done a good job communicating it efforts to consumers? Do consumers believe Starbucks is a responsible company? Why or why not? Starbucks opened up in 1971 in Seattle as the first Italian company in United States to have a coffee house for customers. The idea was to have a setting of Italian elegance, a personal treatRead MoreSocial Responsibility in Stakeholder Theory1509 Words   |  7 Pages 2. Social responsibility in stakeholder theory 3 2.1 Why social responsibility? 3 3. Limitations 4 4. Case study examples: Starbucks amp; Nike 4 5. Conclusion 5 6. References 6 7. Appendixes 9 Appendix A 9 Appendix B 10 1. Introduction This report focuses on social responsibility issue focusing on stakeholder theory. Social responsibility will be introduced and defined based on stakeholder theory. Next, analysis on the importance and limitations of social responsibility willRead MoreThe Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethic at the Leadership Level of Companies1691 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is corporate social responsibility (CSR)? 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Today the company not only focusing on the communitiesRead MoreThe Financial Impact of Corporate Ethics: Positive for Some, Not for All1059 Words   |  4 Pagescontents Executive summary...1 Introduction...1 Changing attitudes towards corporate responsibility...1 Corporate responsibility and ethics...2 Case study: Starbucks...2 Conclusion...3 The financial impact of corporate ethics: Positive for some, not for all Executive summary This paper provides a general overview of changing attitudes towards corporate ethics, along with a specific case study of the Starbucks Corporation. Although corporations remain profit-making institutions, increasingly

Being a Good Manager Free Essays

Scott Gallo Management 220 5 Commandments of Being a Good Manager It is clear that in today’s world there are no very successful businesses that do not have a solid management. A manager is a position that has high importance and they help their respective companies run as smoothly as possible. Without this position it would take longer for things to get done because they are the executive position in the company, which means that they take care of the entire system and they do not worry about individual tasks in the workplace. We will write a custom essay sample on Being a Good Manager or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead of doing all the work themselves they create the efficient way for a group of people to do it the fastest way possible. There is a countless number of characteristics that would help make the ideal manager but it is nearly impossible for a manager to cover all of them. The best managers use all the resources to make sure they have a plan and they have the fastest way of achieving it. After learning all of the characteristics, techniques and theories, I now know what I could do best to become a good manager. One thing that I found very important was to have cultural intelligence. Almost every business has a good amount of diversity and there has to be a way of dealing with that. Cultural intelligence basically means that a manager has to be able to come up with a response after dealing with a situation where the manager has to interpret unfamiliar gestures. It can be hard to understand someone because of a cultural difference but a manager has to see past that and be able to deal with the situation at hand. Adaption to other cultures becomes necessary if a job was acquired and happened to be in another country. Managers should be able to understand the local customs, norms and beliefs of the location they work in. Cultural intelligence includes the fact that you have to pick out clues from a situation or misunderstanding and be able to respond in an appropriate way. Another important thing that a manager has to have is a good code of ethics. This is something that should be initiated as soon as a new manager enters a business. A manager has to have good basic ground rules in the workplace before they can adapt into such a new environment. This concept sometimes has to do with the cultural diversity because a good code of ethics basically shows what is acceptable and what is not in the workplace. Planning could be the single most important thing a manager has to be aware of. Planning is the key to any success in a business. It is necessary for a manager to know the proper steps in planning. They include, developing a plan, then translating the plan, plan operations, execute the plan and monitor and learn. This is a strategic method to achieve goals effectively. Planning can be short term or long term depending on what best suits the future goals. Good planning will direct employees and help them perform efficiently. The planning along with being able to adapt to unforeseen problems, an operation should run very smoothly. Also, to exemplify a good manager, one would want to use strategic management. This means that means decisions are made to find out the best possible environment and plan to achieve the organizational goals. Top manager also look at rival companies to make sure they are up to par with everyone. Strategy always will change over time so a good manager has to be able to determine when the best time for change would be. As long as there is still competitiveness in the field then the manager is most likely happy. Lastly, decision making is an important asset in becoming a good manager. There are countless numbers of decisions everyday for a manager so it is important that the skill is performed at a high level. It is defined as a process of finding problems and opportunities and resolving them. Decision making is not very easy but it has to be done in all environments. It has to be done under changing factors and unknown information but good managers will succeed. Essentially, there are a countless number of characteristics that a manger should have but without main concepts nothing will ever get done. A manager should give direction to the organization, provide leadership, and decide how to use organizational resources to accomplish goals. How to cite Being a Good Manager, Papers

Comparing For Profit and Non for Profit Colleges free essay sample

Colleges and university have slowly become one of the stepping stones into the working world today. People go to colleges for higher education with the intention of earning degrees in which they can use in their respective fields. Some example degrees that people pursue are Medical, Law, Business, Accounting, and Science Degrees. Through the years the idea of college was that it was optional and it was a door for better life and job. However in the modern times, it become a necessity. It all started when the colleges once single- gender institutions target specific students in their respective demographics. Today, the college market has now been divided into two major categories: Not-for-Profit Colleges and For-Profit colleges. Not-For-Profit Colleges are institutions that are interested in serving the students needs by providing necessary education to the student. The Not-For-Profit organization are tax exempt and have a board of trustees that makes decisions. For-Profit Colleges are run like a business in which their goal is to generate income for their owners and shareholders. There are no board of trustees at For-Profit College and the owner and shareholders control the decision on which is best for the institution. Although the objective for both Not-for-Profit Colleges and For-Profit College is to provide their students an education in which they can use for their future, both institution have great differences in which their organizations are run. Although the primary objective For-Profit colleges is to provide an education, they are merely a business in which their goal is to earn a profit. Like any business, the For-Profit Colleges can be setup as a sole proprietorship, partnership, or even a subsidiary of a larger company. The For-Profit College can also be setup as a corporation that have stocks traded on the stock markets. They will try to bring earnings and a return on investment for all their shareholders and investors. They can have great flexibility because at the end of the day, the goal for the For-Profit College is to make money and only that. The instructors that are hired at For-Profit Colleges usually have a very different approach to their teaching compared to Non-For-Profit Colleges. Usually they are merely there to carry out the lesson plans in which was designed by the institution. Majority of the lesson plan given to each student is standard which means the instructors do not have the liberty to create their own curriculum or lesson plans. This is also due to the purpose of the education given is to assist the student in getting specific jobs with specific job functions. The courses at the For-Profit college is to help the students get better jobs in the market while the courses at Not-For-Profit College intend to allow the student learn and grow within their respective fields. Students that enter For-Profit colleges already have a plan in terms of type of jobs they would like to pursue and they enroll in the necessary courses while some students at Not-For-Profit College have no idea which career that they would like to pursue. Not-For-Profit college help you learn and gain the knowledge in the field that youre interested in while For-Profit colleges prepare you for the specific job that you want to do. The admission process for For-Profit schools are not as selective as the one in Not-For-Profit College. There isnt much prior evaluation of the student since their main goal is to make a profit. They tend to be more flexible in terms of their requirements and appeal to students of all ages and races. Modern day classes can be taken online and at more convenient times such as nights and weekends to accommodate students that work full time. Online has also been the new trend because of the lower overhead costs for the For-Profit institution. For-Profit institutions tend to not have a campus like the Not-For-Profit colleges do. For-Profit colleges classes is usually at their own building or leased space. There isnt any services such as on-campus food or housing that is available to the students at For-Profit institutions. The college provides students with the education that they need for their desire jobs rather than a college experience that a Not-For-Profit college can provide. For Profit institutions conduct their accounting the same as any regular business would do. Their main goal is to make a profit just like all businesses would do. For-Profit institutions must comply with the Federal Accounting Standard Board. The tuitions are recorded as revenue while the expenses include leases, staff, and maintenance expenses. For-Profit colleges budget system must include tools to forecast budgets, manage variance and generate financial reports. The budget forecast is designed to estimate revenue and expenses to its income center, administrative cost structure, and its academic schedule. The income center budget includes enrollments, revenue, and expenses by academic period. Administrative expenses include administrative costs per student and personnel pay ranges. The budget should also include financial report to show if the institution is profitable. Statements such as cash flow statements, net income, and balance sheet should all be included. The budget must also be flexible enough in case that their projections arent accurate. They should be easily accessible so that managers can routinely check if their performance is above, below, or even on target. To determine if the institution is on track with its budget and strategic plans, they would measure their six categories in their budget to get a better picture of the institutions performance. They are new students, enrollment, cost performance, revenue, net income, and cash flow. This way they would also be able to measure the efficiency of their institution also. The goal for Not-For-Profit Colleges is to provide students with higher education and help them advance in a particular field. Not-For-Profit Colleges are traditional college such as community colleges, state universities, and liberal arts colleges. These institutions gain funding to provide their services from the government subsidy, tuition fees, and donations. All the income that are received is strictly used for institution purposes. Some examples are professors, staff, maintenance, utilities, or even computers that the school needs and student needs. All the money is given back to the institution in some way. The professors hired at a Not-For-Profit College design their own courses and create their own course curriculum and lesson plan. They can provide the education in their courses with their own individual styles and lesson plans. The professors are under the guidance of the Board of Trustees, which is composed of different representatives that make decisions for the college. Not-For-Profit colleges are mainly to provide education for the student who are enrolled in their institution. The classes are usually on a campus in which the student spends a majority of their time at. The board of Trustees focuses on improving their campus for the student. The Board of Trustees is constantly making decisions from an academic, campus, and efficiency perspective in order to provide the best possible service for their students. Not-For-Profit Colleges select their students through a vigorous and selective process. Students usually express interest in attending the college and then the college decides if the student would be a good fit for the college. After being accepted, the student would be able to earn a scholarship to help with the room and board that the college charges. Not-For-Profit Colleges are selective of the students since they strive to serve students who would fit the reputation of the institution. This selective process allow college to focus on the needs of the students that are a good match for the college. From an accounting perspective Not-For-Profit colleges follow the rules of Governmental Accounting Standards Board who is responsible for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles used by the United States. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board issues statements that deal with the accounting principles and financial reporting rules of government and other Not-For-Profit organizations. Like all Not-For-Profit organization, these college contribute without expecting commensurate returns. Their main purpose is to provide education to the students that enroll in their school. Most of their income for these colleges come from the tuitions and fees they receive from their student. Other income comes from donation and government subsidies. When a Not-For-Profit College receives tuition payments and fees in full from students the college is supposed to record it at a gross amount, as any revenue would be recorded. If a student meets certain criterion that allows them to attend a publicly funded not-for-profit institution, tuition may be waived in the form of a tuition waiver. Tuition Waivers are reported as a contra-revenue account reducing the revenue account. If the college has any debts, they are recorded just as businesses record them as the debts are recorded with institutional support expenses. Students may pay for college with scholarships which are essentially amounts contributed for the education of a selected individual. Scholarships are given for a range of reasons including high academic standing, membership in certain societies, or awards. However there are two main sources of scholarships which are an outside donor or the scholarship is awarded by the college itself. If the scholarship is from an outside donor the not-for-profit college simply collects the amount receivable from the donor. If the scholarship is awarded by the college itself the accountant reduces the college’s accounts receivable. This reduction in the accounts receivable is recorded as an expense to education and general student aid. Certain expenses of a not-for-profit college are unrestricted net assets classified as instruction expense, research expense, public service expense, academic support, student services, institutional support, operation and maintenance of plant and student aid. Not-For-Profit Colleges cannot operate on tuition fees alone as all the money is immediately put into the school. Fortunately as a Not-For-Profit organization these colleges may receive governmental subsidies as support revenue. There are two types of government subsidies classified as unrestricted and restricted. Unrestricted subsidies are intended for the college to use in general operations. The Board of Trustees also has the power to decide whether a subsidy is unrestricted. Restricted subsidies can be split into either temporarily or permanently. These subsidies often are given for a certain purpose such as an expansion or special project. The restrictions on these subsidies refer to the amount that can be spent and when it can be spent. Sometimes the government may also provide students with grants, which are similar to scholarships in the sense that they are provided to help students reach their financial needs for school. Government grants can both be state or federal and come from government programs such as Pell or the Federal Supplemental Education Opportunity Grant. Similar to scholarships the college may either distribute the cash to the proper students or receive the amount that is to be distributed. If the college decides to receive the grant then it is recorded as a liability in the â€Å"Grant Funds Held for Students† account. Not-For-Profit colleges usually also have an endowment fund which is used to help finance the operating expenses of the organization. Aside from the general endowment the institution may also have restricted endowments intended for specific purposes such as professorships, scholarships or fellowships. For cash received from permanent endowments it is recorded as a contribution and the income is restricted to student aid. Any income received due to an endowment is temporarily restricted and the cash is meant to be spent on student aid. The other services that a Not-For-Profit College provides are the Auxiliary Services. The Auxiliary Services are the services and amenities of the campus. Examples of such services are residence halls, food services and the college athletic teams. These services are classified under unrestricted revenues and expenses. The total of the accounts from the auxiliary services are reported on the Statement of Activities for the College and subsidiary records are also kept. The Statement of Activities for the Not-For-Profit College will usually list the Revenues combined with Total Net Assets Released from Restrictions for Operations to get the Total Revenues and Reclassifications. The next section is usually the Expenses section followed by any Net Change in Unrestricted Assets, Temporarily Restricted Assets and finally Permanently Restricted Net Assets. The Statement of Activities is then followed by a summary on the Change in Assets for the past year. Even though the main purpose of both For-Profit and Not-For-Profit is the same, the way that they function arent necessary the same. The accounting standards and rules that they follow both are very different. Also the rules that both colleges follow are extremely different. Both colleges have their strength and weaknesses in their way that they serve their students. The student should chose the type of college they want depending on what their needs are. If the student is looking to advance their education they should be looking for a traditional Not-For-Profit College. If they are trying to land a job that has technical skills which are required, then the For-Profit College is a better option.

Illegal Immigration Essays - Human Migration, Illegal Immigration

America is facing a kind of terrorism that isn?t making it on the 10 o?clock news casts or even grabbing the attention of the government. This act of terrorism is walking across our borders everyday and we aren?t doing anything about it. The United States was founded based on people coming over from Europe who wanted a better life and a fresh start. It didn?t matter if they were coming over for religious freedom or leaving their country to get away from the potato famine; they came over with a purpose and blended in with the American culture even though it took some groups longer than others. Today millions of people are immigrating to the United States from Mexico and they are bringing more problems than they are solutions. P.F. Wagner wrote a comprehensive report on the danger of illegal immigration and how it is affecting us as a nation called ?The Dark Side of Illegal Immigration?. Wagner is a political science professor for the University of Virginia. Post 9/11 America has done a good job cracking down on national security, but eight years later we are still getting attacked. It?s not a matter of terrorism but instead the well being of the United States. In the United States alone crime rates are dramatically higher among illegal immigrants than they are the legal citizens. In Los Angeles alone, 95% of some 1,500 outstanding warrants for homicides are for illegal aliens (Wagner, ?Crime?). California is one of the States that has been hit hard by illegal immigration via Mexico and with Los Angeles having a very high Hispanic population it has created problems for law enforcement (Wagner, ?Crime?). It?s no surprise that a lot for warrants are out for illegal immigrants since LA has an over whelming amount of Hispanics, but 95% of about 1,500 (which is about 1,425 warrants) seems to be a growing problem that law enforcement can?t seem to handle. Just about 1/4th of over 400,000 unaccounted illegal immigrates are considered hard core criminals (Wagner, ?Crime?). The keywords are ?unaccounted for?, you mean that over 400,000 illegal immigrates are hard core criminals and we don?t even know who or where they are? We?re not talking about yo ur 13 year old shoplifter who just wanted a pack of gum and was 10 cents short; no we?re talking about killers who to this day are still getting away with it. 80,000 to 100,000 illegal aliens who have been convicted of serious crimes are walking the streets (Wagner, ?Crime?). Again the keyword in this last stat is ?serious?; these are people who aren?t suppose to be in our country and now they have been convicted of a serious crime and now are walking the streets. This is a scary stat if you are living in a state where there is a good amount of illegal?s. In a study of 55,322 illegal aliens, researchers found that they were arrested a total of 459,614 times, averaging about 8 arrests per illegal alien; They were arrested for a total of about 700,000 criminal offenses, averaging about 13 offenses per illegal alien; 49% had previously been convicted of a felony, 20% of a drug offense; 18% a violent offense, and 11%, other felony offenses (Wagner, ?Crime?). These stats show that the Am erican law enforcement are fighting a war with the immigrants that they can?t win. It seems like that once they commit a crime they are back on the streets. The streets are dangerous as it is and letting criminals walk after murder or drug possession makes them even worse. The education system here in the United States has been on downfall for years know and to have illegal immigrants take advantage of the system is costing hard-working Americans their money. the average cost of educating children, including the children of illegal aliens, in the nation's public schools is about $7,524 per child per year. The direct cost of educating the children of illegal aliens is somewhere between $29 and $35 BILLION dollars a year (Wagner, ?Education?). It?s incredible to see that as a nation we are spending just about $33 Billion on educating students who should not even be in this country. This is something that

Free Essays on Stereotypes In Uncle Toms Cabin

What Are the Existing Stereotypes in Uncle Tom’s Cabin? Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a novel that changed a lot of American’s views on slavery. When Harriet Beecher Stowe first published the novel the year was 1852.and there was unrest among the northern and southern states. A law had been passed called the Fugitive Slave Law, which ordered citizens of non-slave owning states in the north to return run away slaves, when caught, to their owners in the south. To someone who was against slavery it must have been a heart wrenching moment to abide by this law and return a human being to there â€Å"rightful owner†. So there was obvious tension between the north and the south. After the law was passed Stowe’s sister-in-law said to her â€Å"if I could use a pen as you can, I would write something that will make this whole nation feel what an accursed thing slavery is† to which Harriet replied â€Å"I will if I live†. This was when she began writing her novel and within a year of being published Uncle Tom ’s Cabin had sold over 300,000 copies and opened many people’s eyes to the wrongs of slavery. She did this by showing families being broken up during slave trades, and Tom being mistreated even after being shown as a kind and religious man. â€Å"It is not possible to measure precisely the political influence of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. One can quantify its sales but cannot point to votes it changed or laws that it inspired† (McPherson 89). Stowe’s novel was considered so important that when Abraham Lincoln met Harriet Beecher Stowe he is quoted as saying, â€Å"So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that made this Great War† (McPherson 90). It is safe to say that this novel had a humongous impact on life as we know it. Something that Harriet Beecher Stowe probably didn’t account for while writing was the over-commercialization of her novel. The popularity of it was so overwhelming that it was adapted many times for ... Free Essays on Stereotypes In Uncle Tom's Cabin Free Essays on Stereotypes In Uncle Tom's Cabin What Are the Existing Stereotypes in Uncle Tom’s Cabin? Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a novel that changed a lot of American’s views on slavery. When Harriet Beecher Stowe first published the novel the year was 1852.and there was unrest among the northern and southern states. A law had been passed called the Fugitive Slave Law, which ordered citizens of non-slave owning states in the north to return run away slaves, when caught, to their owners in the south. To someone who was against slavery it must have been a heart wrenching moment to abide by this law and return a human being to there â€Å"rightful owner†. So there was obvious tension between the north and the south. After the law was passed Stowe’s sister-in-law said to her â€Å"if I could use a pen as you can, I would write something that will make this whole nation feel what an accursed thing slavery is† to which Harriet replied â€Å"I will if I live†. This was when she began writing her novel and within a year of being published Uncle Tom ’s Cabin had sold over 300,000 copies and opened many people’s eyes to the wrongs of slavery. She did this by showing families being broken up during slave trades, and Tom being mistreated even after being shown as a kind and religious man. â€Å"It is not possible to measure precisely the political influence of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. One can quantify its sales but cannot point to votes it changed or laws that it inspired† (McPherson 89). Stowe’s novel was considered so important that when Abraham Lincoln met Harriet Beecher Stowe he is quoted as saying, â€Å"So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that made this Great War† (McPherson 90). It is safe to say that this novel had a humongous impact on life as we know it. Something that Harriet Beecher Stowe probably didn’t account for while writing was the over-commercialization of her novel. The popularity of it was so overwhelming that it was adapted many times for ...

Anthropology, psychology, history, sociology, education, political Research Paper

Anthropology, psychology, history, sociology, education, political science, gender studies, economics, legal studies - Research Paper Example The word slum connotes an area where no ethnic community dominates. Poverty levels are high in slums, barrios and ghettos. It should be noted that not all African- American and Hispanic neighborhoods are poor. Discussions of underclass associate the residents of those inner cities with certain types of behaviors and attitudes. Excessive focus on poorest inner cities can redirect attention from the broader structural aspect of poverty. As a result they may fail to see the important contributions to reducing poverty that straightforward measures like Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) can achieve. Painting a picture of obstinate poverty in inner cities can cause hopelessness among policy makers Most alarming social evils in the society, ranging from use and sale of illegal drug to violence, take place in the inner cities of America. Even though today poverty in the inner cities of America is still a major concern, most Americans do not talk about it. However, when asked about poverty directly, many people will admit that poverty, especially in inner cities of America, is still a major concern. Poverty is a complex phenomenon which is hard to define. It is also difficult to differentiate forms, causes and consequences of poverty. Further, many people do not agree why poverty is a problem in America. Neither do they agree on the causes or consequences. It is therefore difficult to agree on a solution. There are those people who believe the poor are responsible for their condition. Mostly, people who feel the poor are responsible for their circumstances are the middle and upper income earners. They believe the poor can change their circumstances by working hard. This class of Americans feel poor people should not receive welfare benefits from the government. The middle and upper class Americans are careful to avoid working, living or even driving through the inner cities. Inner cities

Managing and Leading Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Managing and Leading Change - Essay Example There are a lot of Machiavelli’s perception on organizational change that is not acceptable to other philosophers such as Plamenatz and Wolker (1992).1 Personally, I do not agree to Machiavelli when he stated that â€Å"people are inherently unchanging and essentially similar† because of the fact that people are often likely to follow the rule of domino effect. Let me give you an example of my personal analysis. When a manager practice good leadership, it is more likely that he could convince his subordinates to support him/her in the implementation of change within the organization. On the other hand, a manager who does not have the qualities of a good leader is more likely to fail when it comes to motivating and convincing the rest of the employees to participate in the manager’s plan. In other words, it only takes a manager with good leadership skill to change the employees’ mentally with regards to organizational change. Machiavelli stated that â€Å"fraud and force are two of the most necessary components of effective government.†2 I do not agree that fraud and the practice of authoritative power is always the best solution when it comes to implementing organizational change. Fraud alone is considered as an unethical business practice. On the other hand, the practice of authoritative power is not always the best solution when it comes to implementing change since it will only cause more employees to disrespect and will remain disloyal to the manager. According to Dessler (2001), leaders with a competent leadership skill are individuals who are capable of inspiring another person who often times have the â€Å"drive to achieve their goals; the desire to lead; self-confidence; cognitive ability; honesty and integrity; as well as having sufficient knowledge in doing business.†3 Machiavelli’s approach to organizational

Coursework..'Why has Britain traditionally resisted the idea of the Essay

Coursework..'Why has Britain traditionally resisted the idea of the European Union' Consider the issues full - Essay Example Its most prominent feature has been the importance of the financial sector, the City of London, both economically and politically. The City of London forms with the Treasury and the Bank of England an extremely powerful economic policy community that has normally been successful in shaping the policy of British governments on major economic issues. Priority has generally been given to the interests and perspectives of the City rather than those of manufacturing or the trade unions in determining the national interest (Aspinwall 2004). There was no similar test for manufacturing. The nature of the City as an international financial centre has always led it to favor a policy of openness to the markets of the whole world, not just Europe. "For Britain, therefore, deregulation, whether nationally or the European Union-inspired, has been experienced as deregulation, with the creation of legal procedures, where informal agreements generally held, and the establishment of independent regula tory bodies" (Schmidt 1997, p. 167). Also, the business cycle in the Great Britain has normally been aligned with the US economy rather than the European economy. This provides a practical obstacle to early entry; but, more than that, it symbolizes a different view as to where British economic interests lie. Politically, on Politically, one reason for the hesitation was that the political class in Britain has been much more divided over the euro than the political class in other member states. Popular opposition to joining the single currency has also been strong in Denmark and Sweden, and the Danes voted narrowly in a referendum in September 2000 to stay outside. But the Danish currency is already pegged to the euro, and the Danish economy is more integrated within the Euro-Zone than the British economy is. The political class in Britain has become deeply split, with one of the two major parties, the Conservatives (Giddings & Drewry 2004). The Conservative party was initially the party of Europe, conceiving Europe as an enterprise which was very much in the security and economic interests of the British state, as well as a new external challenge to replace the Empire. It was a Conservative government under Edward Heath that narrowly secured parliamentary approval of the terms of entry in 1971 (Aspinwal l 2004). It was the Labor Party whose leaders were prone to talk of 'a thousand years of history' (Aspinwall 2004, p. 56) and who were immensely distrustful of the Common Market because of the restrictions it imposed on national planning. "The erosion of the greater powers of Parliament have been cause for concern not only for members of Parliament but also for the executive, which given the lesser party discipline and the more vocal" (Schmidt 1997, p. 167). Although a majority of the Labor leadership did eventually support British membership of the European Community, a majority of trade unions and Labor Party members remained opposed because of their commitment to national economic planning. Culturally and nationally, the Great Britain tries to preserve its uniqueness keeping old traditions and social institutions unchanged. For the anti-Europeans, the European Union is a dangerous semi-sovereignty process which forces new states meets its rules and obligations. British attachment to outmoded forms of

Individualistic And Holistic Biases In Environmental Ethics

Individualistic And Holistic Biases In Environmental Ethics Environmental ethics is a hybrid of both ancient and recent insights and is a discipline in the making. In addition, this is a discipline whose time has come and has come urgently. The magnitude and urgency of contemporary environmental problems known as environmental crisis form the mandate for environmental ethics. In other words, environmental ethics is a re-examination of the human attitudes and values that influence individual behaviour and government policies towards nature. The principle approaches to environmental ethics are biocentrism, egocentrism. Other topics which are related are ecofeminism and deep ecology. Moral pluralism in environmental ethics insists that we endorse all of these approaches, and employ any one of them according to circumstances. Another long-standing controversy in the philosophy is the debate between methodological individualists and methodological holists. The former hold that social facts and phenomena are reducible without remainder to facts about individuals. The latter, advocates of methodological holism argue that there are some social facts that are not reducible to facts about individuals, and that social phenomena can sometimes be adequately explained without reference to individuals. One should take into consideration that there is no necessary connection between support for methodological individualism or holism and ones position vis-Ã  -vis the naturalism debate. Nonetheless there is a tendency that naturalist people embrace methodological individualism. Still, the naturalists are also found in the holist camp. There are several philosophers who argue about individualistic environmental ethics. Two of them are Peter Singer and Tom Regan. The work of Singer and Regan generated a significant and critical response among philosophers. Many of these criticisms followed the same idea. Peter Singer is the one leading thinker who raised the profile of ethical reflection in relation to animals in our world. Some philosophers including Regan, challenge the utilitarian basis of Singers programme. Singer does not form any principle against causing animals to suffer. Singer argues that humans are different from animals, so equal consideration does not entail equal or identical treatment. Further interest and suffering are not alike. Not all interests deserve to be treated equally, and not all suffering is created equal (Desjardins 2006, p.115). According to Regan and Singer, we need to be very selective in our decisions regarding our everyday life, and we have to choose properly our type of lifestyle. We need to limit ourselves to eat meat so that we can conserve animals from the ecosystem. Moreover, both of them argue that we need to be vegetarian, and Singer continues that the boundary of considerability should be drawn somewhere between shrimp and oyster (Desjardins 2006, p.116). On the other hand, Regan most often speaks in general terms about animals but he argues that the subject of a life criterion applies to mentally normal mammals of a year or a more (Regan 1983, p.78). In my opinion, this is a very unrealistic view of the world because an ecosystem is made up of both humans and animals. If we all choose to be vegetarian than the ecosystem will be unbalanced, leading to an overpopulation of animals because animals will continue to produce without being reduced by humans. Moreover, I think that other species will ta ke over the habitat of others because of the overpopulation and this may lead to many disasters. I believe that, people are part of an ecosystem in order that the world can be balanced accordingly. However, in certain cases we find several abuses-one of them being illegal hunting which causes many endemic species to become extinct. There should always be a balance. Moreover, Regan argues that his right-based ethics, like most traditional ethical theories is individualistic. This means that ethics is concerned with protecting and promoting the well-being of individuals, not communities or societies or someones common good. This puts him at odds with many environmental and ecological thinking which is holistic where many environmentalists emphasise biotic communities or ecosystems rather than individual members which include humans of those communities. Regan warns us of environmental fascism in which individual rights are willingly sacrificed to the greater good of the whole. Environmental fascism and the rights view are like oil and water: they dont mix (Regan 1983, p.362, cited in Desjardins 2006, p.116). In addition, Regan argues that only individual animals can be said to have moral standing or, more specifically, to have rights. In Regans view, an animal that is of an endangered species has no special moral status. Singers view recognizes that it is conceivable that human interference could improve the conditions of wild animals. Moreover, he recommends a policy of leaving wild animals alone as much as possible. In fact he states that we do enough if we eliminate our own unnecessary killing and cruelty towards other animals (Singer 1990, p.227 as cited in Donaldson and Kymlicka 2011, p.159). Singer argues that we have the greater responsibility of reducing suffering than that to increase happiness. In addition, Regan endorsed the similar idea proposed by Singer that is, as long as we protect the rights of animals, other ecological concerns will take care of themselves. In my opinion, it is not a selective choice to let extinct species become endemic because they are part of the eco system for quite a good reason. I think that if those endangered species become endemic than other species cannot benefit from their benefits that contribute to the ecosystem. This is because specie in every community serves to be a prey and also, in itself, it is a predator. If this specie becomes endemic than the prey cannot eat it anymore, and the specie itself cannot kill other animals. The ecosystem is always like a chain in which one factor contributes to the other factor and in which every single step is important for the ecosystem. I believe that, we need first to reverse the long history of destruction and habitat loss before we could preserve biotic communities. In addition, the idea that some untamed wilderness untouched by human activities is a mirage. No place on earth, no animal on earth and no period on earth has escaped human influence for quite some time. The question is not whether we should actively influence the wilderness but how we should do so. For Singer and Regan it seems that the paradigms of holders of moral values are human beings. Thus only animals that are like us can have moral standing. Moral standing seems a benefit that is derived from human nature and that living beings receive only if they are similar to human beings. On the other hand, there are several philosophers who have different ideas about the holistic idea of the environment such as Rolston Holmes and J. Baird Callicott. A holistic idea of the environment deals with environments that must focus their moral concern on the interdependent functioning of the entirely ecological system and not merely on the isolated individuals who make up the system. Holmes as a representative of most environmental ethics encourages us to recognize the inherent worth of nature. According to him, an emphasis on intrinsic value, would preclude the development of a holistic environmental ethic. In fact he argues that the for what it is in itself facet of intrinsic becomes problematic in a holistic web. It is too internal and elementary; it forget relatedness and externality (Holmes 1982, p.146). Holmes has argued that nature should not be treated as a mere resource to be used but rather as a source of what we value. In fact he states One is not so much looking t o resources as sources, seeking relationships is an elemental stream of being with transcending integrities (Holmes 1983, p.183). For Holmes nature as a source of value is then itself intrinsically valuable. Holmes believed that one has to spent time with nature to be an environmentalist. Wilderness is nature which has never been locked and framed is rare. Nature is something that has been through biological processes. We do own gratitude towards biodiversity. Another thing which we value in nature is autopoeisis which means self-making. Many philosophers have argued that this defines life. Life is able to come to a certain extent. Beauty and integrity mean that it has not been whole. Holmes believed that man does not fit in nature. However, in my opinion this is not correct because we came out of wilderness. Many environmental philosophers take up the value and try to see where it comes from. Holmes understands that one has to consider the laws of nature. Holmes argues that it can be good to follow nature but also bad to follow nature. He argues that it is bad when you follow it too much. Humans also damage and modify the environment. Holmes says that this is not natural because we move things around too much. Non-human beings do not modify their environment the way that we do. According to Holmes, anything that completely upsets the balance is not natural and therefore wrong. Like Holmes, Callicott is suspicious of ethical preoccupations with individual nonhuman creatures. Callicott does not deny the fact that individual creatures can have a place as individuals in the sphere of ethical regard. However, he argues that, it is not their well-being as individuals that should be our concern. Rather, it is the well-being of the biotic community of which they are a part and to which they contribute. Callicott insists that environmental ethics locates ultimate value in the biotic community and assigns differential moral value to the constitutive individuals relative to the standards (Callicott 1980, p.337). The systems of individuals ecosystems, species and communities might be a more proper focus than those individuals themselves. One of the motivating concerns, theoretically and practically, is that we should place value on the organization of systems and communities. Following Leopold, J.Baird Callicott argues that there is intrinsic value in the integrity, stability and beauty of ecological systems (Callicott 1989, p.83). Balancing the apparent need to value systems as well as individuals has served to generate a different set of normative principles. Callicott considers this to be an entirely new ethic which will be considered below. Klonoski (1991) in his paper about Callicott holism also presents Callicotts argument about environmental ethic holism. He points out Callicotts idea that in order of the biotic community and to assign value and to prescribe legitimate use of the constituents of the community in a way that contributes to the unity, harmony and balance of the eco-system (Callicott U.d, as cited in Klonoski 1991, p.99). But the problem of shaping a value theory such that it can accommodate both individualistic value and systemic value is daunting. Callicotts holism was criticised due to insufficient room for any intrinsic value apart from the value of the system. Callicott sustains that human activities, such as agriculture and suburban and exurban development, provide some organisms with excellent habitat. But the habitats of many other organisms are severely degraded by the cultural modifications of landscapes that characterize contemporary industrial civilization. These organisms need places that are otherwise suitable for them where modifications of that kind are prohibited (Callicott 2000, p.29). Callicotts system is monistic; there is only one value, instantiated in a principle that has moral weight. Another philosopher who had a clear idea about environmental ethics is Arne Naess who had the idea of self-realization. This means that the ideal of developing ones highest potential skews the notion of value not only towards living entities but also towards those that are analogues of human beings. In my opinion, I do agree with this idea because one has to self-realise him/herself in order to be able to live in a community. In addition, if this does not happen, one does not take care of the environment and of what happens around us. We should take care of the environment because once it is exploited it takes a longer time to revert to its original state. However, this is not an issue that all people agree with because, most often, people do exploit what they have and then this result in different consequences. I believe that, the ecosystem should be made up of both humans and animals. In addition, I think that each specie has an important role to play in the ecosystem, and this is because each specie has its advantages and disadvantages in the ecosystem. If, over a period of time, there is any endemic specie, then there should be another specie which takes its role. However, most often this does not happen and this leads to different disasters. A clear example of what I am stating is when in Malta there was a type of insect the red weevil that was imported with foreign palm trees inferring. This showed that they were not being eaten by other animals, and thus they did a lot of damage to the Maltese palm trees. A specie in an ecosystem is like a link in a whole chain and if one link is broken the chain is broken too! I do disagree with Regans idea that an endemic species should not be protected. In fact I argue that we should spend some time with nature like Rolston suggests in order to admire how precious our environment is. Moreover, I think that there should be more emphasis on mans responsibility. When someone comes in contact with nature he should make sure that it should be kept as it was found because once it is exploited the effects are disastrous. It is difficult to reverse the damage and bring back nature to its original state. In my opinion the holistic view of environmental biases is more practical especially in our everyday world. There are different views of how one can respect the environment around us. The most important thing is that we do our outmost to leave part of the environment in its natural state without construction because it is our contribution to those that come after us. Most often people do not even notice how little things can harm species, not only on the earth but also marine species which are also an important part of the ecosystem. In my opinion, although nowadays there are more environmental organisations there should be more awareness of how our modelling with the eco system can affect nature around us. God created nature in order to be used but also to be protected accordingly.

what is rap :: essays research papers

Many schools of history begin the story of rap music as a mutation of southern soap-box blues. Using the basics of the blues style of music, rap is all about emotions and the personal interpretation of reality by the author of the song. Rap, then, should be considered as a definition essay of sort. What is rap? Rap music is an American minority artist creation. Unfortunately, rap music is not perceived by many Americans as an art form, but as a fad which they hope will soon fade away, one can trace the history of rap back to the West African professional singers/storytellers known as Griots. Rap is spoken word, rap is slang from the street corners of your brain. Rap is smoking herb, rappers recite truthful social bombs, preachers even rap it just comes out in a religious form. Rap is the heart and soul of citizens in the tall cold walls of property. Rap is the story of the time when people lost all control. Rap is regional, descriptive, and ethnic. Rap is regional, much like dialects. Different parts of the nation live in different manners. Every regional has its own story to tell, so in rap a song should tell the story of its region. Whenever a group of people is locked within the margins of American social discourse, that community may find it necessary to scream or chant or rap to be heard. It should come as no surprise, then, that alienation serves to be the medium for counter-cultural movements. Discontentment is only the beginning. Each region should have its on flare, its on personality. Genuine rap informs its listeners about the current social climate. For example, if the mayor of a city has recently been convicted for misusing public funds, it would surely be in a rap song. If a guy went into a courtroom and shot the judge, bailiff, and the court reporter it would most likely be in a rap song. Unlike most of the lyrics out on the market today, genuine rap contains meaning and it sends a message to the listeners. Although those messages might have bad words, and show images of things that are socially wrong, that’s actually what is going on where they are from. Their music represents their area and their people, and it is no different from a farmer singing about his cows and chickens out in farmland.

Christmas past Essay

The plot of the story goes as follows. Right from the start it is made clear that scrooge’s partner Marley is dead. Scrooge then goes several years without changing a single thing in the business. He and his only worker bob Cratchit work alone in the small dark office. Then one Christmas Eve two charity workers call round to ask him to make a donation. This is when we find out that scrooge despises charity. Later that day his nephew Fred comes to invite him round for Christmas dinner, an invite that is turned down by scrooge. That night when he gets home the ghost of his dead partener marley visits him. He tells scrooge that he must change his ways or he will end up like him not being able to allow his spirit to rest. But being force to â€Å"wear to chain he created in life. † Marley tells him that he is to be visited by three spirits over the next three nights. These spirits would show him the error of his ways. The first spirit is Christmas past. This spirit shows him his past again. The things he enjoyed as a young boy and his desisons he made that affected his current life. The next spirit is Christmas present. He shows scrooge what is currently happening in the people close to him and shows him what he is missing out on. The final spirit is Christmas future. He shows scrooge what will happen in his future if he doesn’t change his ways and that he will die a lonely old man. Scrooge then accepts the advice given by the spirits and generally becomes the ideal human often giving to charity and folks worse off than him. The first stave in the novello is when his former partner Marley visits scrooge. Right form the very beginning it is made clear Marley is dead. The first words on page one are â€Å"Marley was dead to begin with† â€Å"Scrooge new he was dead† as he signed for the register of his death. So when Marley appears to him his being there traumatizes him. Marley warns scrooge of the spiritual after life. He explains that man must share his humanity with others if he is not t be condemned to an after life. â€Å"It is required by every man†¦ that the spirit within him should walk abroad. † Scrooge also observes that Marley is â€Å"fettered† Marley explains â€Å"these are these the chains I forged in life†¦ I made it link by link, yard by yard of my own free will and of my own free will I wear it. † Marley then informs scrooge of what his afterlife will be like if he doesn’t change his ways â€Å"the weight and length of the chain you bare. † Marley then tells scrooge that he will be visit by three spirits, which will show him the error of his ways. Stave two tells the arrival of the first spirit the ghost of Christmas pass. This spirit, â€Å"a strange figure, like child like, old man viewed though some supernatural substance†, shows scrooge his most enjoyable moments of his past. One place which scrooge is taken is taken is his old work place, to Fezziwigs Christmas party. While there the spirit says â€Å"a small make to these silly folk so full of gratitude. † The spirit playing devils advocate by criticises Fessiwig causes scrooge to defend him â€Å"he has the power to flauntier† the spirit also shows him women which he once loved like his sister and a girl he once loved as a young boy. Stave three shows the next spirit, the ghost of Christmas present. This spirit, a large jolly old fellow, shows scrooge the true meaning of Christmas. First scrooge is taken to the cratchits house where he is shown how much such a large family appreciate so little. He has enough money to buy what ever he wants but then he realises that the simple things to him are luxuries to then that they can’t even really afford at Christmas, The joy on the faces of the children when they see that they are getting a pudding after dinner. He even is surprised to find that they are grateful to scrooge for putting the meal on the table even though scrooge knows that he is under paying Bob Cratchit. The spirit then takes scrooge to his nephew Fred’s home where he was having a Christmas party. Scrooge sees on the fun, which he is missing out on. The games and dancing which scrooge turns down as his despises sharing his fortune. Stave four shows the arrival of the final spirit, the ghost of Christmas future. This spirit, a ghostly figure dressed in black gown, takes scrooge to see his current future if he doesn’t change his ways. The spirit takes him to see his self in the future lay in bed. This is where scrooge comforts his own dead body without realising that he is dead. â€Å"Avarice, hard-dealing, griping cares? They have brought to a rich end truly. † â€Å"This is a fearful place†¦ In leaving it, I shall not leave its lesson, trust me and let me go! † scrooge finally realises what his dead body means: he loves his nerve and begs the spirit to let him go. The ghost insists, by pointing a finger that scrooge should lift the sheet to see the body scrooge responds â€Å"I understand you†¦ and I would do it if I could. But I have not the power, spirit. I have not the power†¦ † meaning that scrooge cannot bring him self to lift the sheet because it would mean coming to terms with his own death. Scrooge wants to kwon if anyone grieved for him â€Å"is there any person in the town who feels emotion cursed by this mans death, show me and that person spirit. † The spirit shows people who grieved for scrooge: ironically it is his debtors. When scrooge has died. They have lingered to pay off the debt. Scrooge is then taken to the churchyard to a churchyard: scrooge still needs to know the identity of the dead man but has lung suspected that it is himself. Scrooge is shown a tombstone and a new grave. Scrooge remarks ironically that the graveyard is a â€Å"worthy place† full of worthless dead bodies costumed by worms. â€Å"He advanced towards it trembling† he confronts the truth. Scrooge suddenly under stands the phantom:† he saw new meaning in its solemn shape†¦ † scrooge seems to understand that he can change his future. † Tell me I may sponge away the writing on this stone†¦ † scrooge is asking the spirit for a chance to avoid death. Scrooge is completely transformed â€Å"I will honour Christmas in my heart and try to keep it all the year. I will live in the past, present and future. The spirits all three shall strive within me. I will not shirk the lessons they teach. † The ghost fades away. Stave five is the final stave in the novello. It is when scrooge realises that he can alter his ways. â€Å"The time before him was his own, to make amends in†¦ † scrooge now seeks not to be a good businessman but to be a good man. â€Å"Glowing with his good intentions†¦ sobbing violently†¦ † yet even though scrooge has changed his way of life completely for the benefit of others. He is still happy with the new life he leads. â€Å"I am as a feather†¦ I am as happy as an angel; I am as merry as a schoolboy†¦ I am as giddy as a drunken man. † After scrooges complete change, the church bells ring out to celebrate Christmas morning and scrooge’s rebirth was on the birthday of Christ. Scrooge is completely changed: well-dressed and wearing a â€Å"delighted smile. † Scrooge rejoices in humanity: he enjoys the company of people and attending church. Now Scrooge visits Fred and accepts his invitation to Christmas lunch. Scrooge tells Bob Cratchit that he will raise his salary. Scrooge will become a â€Å"second farther† to tiny Tim. The transformation is complete. Scrooge has be come † as good a friend, as good a master, as good a man as the good old city knew†¦ â€Å"

buy custom The Discovery of the Hepatitis B essay

buy custom The Discovery of the Hepatitis B essay The discovery of the hepatitis B advanced beyond protecting people through blood transfusions from hepatitis B to the broader scope of protecting people from the disease. In the late 1960s, virologist Blumberg (Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC), Barbara Werner, immunologist, Manfred Bayer electron microscopist, and molecular biologist Lawrence Loeb, vigilantly described the small particles isolated from HBsAg-positive blood and visualized it through the electron microscope.They found out that some particles were whole viruses, others contained no nucleic acid that was the genes responsible for causing infection and the disease (Harford Cabezon, 234-87). It is from such assumptions that Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was identified as the causative agent of serum hepatitis. Blumberg first acknowledged this antigen as a serum protein explicit for aborigines in Australia. It was only later that the infectious nature of the antigen was identified, in which case it turned out to be the surface protein of HBV that is secreted into the bloodstream of infected patients in excess over viral particles. After many centuries, the first licensed vaccines against HBV became accessible in the beginning of 1980s.The vaccine was produced by harvesting and purifying HBsAg from the serum of chronic carriers, given that there was nopossibility for proliferation of the virus in vitro (Gleeson Ortori, 45-76). Even though they were safe and effective, serum-derived vaccines were expensive and in relatively short supply because of shortage of human carrier plasma that met the requirements for the production of the vaccine. Since the 1980s, recombinant hepatitis B vaccines have been used as more practical alternatives with the HBsAg produced in yeast (Harford Cabezon, 234-87). HBV was established to be prevalent in many parts of the world, with more than two billion people having had contacted the virus, and more than 350 million people being chronic carriers of the virus. Hepatitis B Vaccine Production Using Yeast. Yeasts have outstandingly been distinguished as capable of producing a potential vaccine against hepatitis B virus. This is a biological fact that has been founded on the rising track record of the expression platforms in the production of pharmaceuticals. Some of the commercially available, yeast-derived, recombinant pharmaceuticals are inclusive of insulin, the anti-coagulant hirudin, interferon-alpha-2a, and a variety of vaccines used against the hepatitis B virus and papillomavirus infections. The yeast vaccines are particularly produced in either baker's yeast, known as Saccharomyces cerevisiae,, the methylotrophic species Hansenula polymorpha and Pichia pastoris. For the case of this manuscript however, methylotrophs is considered in the production process for hepatitis B vaccines. The reason attached is that Methylotrophs yeast species produce a comparatively high balanced production of both the membrane and the protein component of a recombinant viral particle (Gleeson Ortori, 45-76). Among the most significant recombinant pharmaceuticals available were the yeast-derived vaccines that could be used against hepatitis B infections. The vaccines for Hepatitis B were derived from the particles containing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) inserted into host-derived membranes. The development of effective, yeast-derived recombinant hepatitis B surface proteins was hence the factor behind the success of current vaccination programs against hepatitis B. In the most recent advancements, yeast-based HepB vaccines are being modified by including substitute adjuvant, in addition to RC-529, a non-toxic lipid, A mimetic35. Other developments incurred along include the coming of large surface antigen also called core protein sequences aimed at reducing the number of non-responders or developing a therapeutic vaccine. Several combination vaccines are also under development, including yeast-derived HepB particles Buy custom The Discovery of the Hepatitis B essay

search for excellence essays

search for excellence essays There are countless Greek inventors, scientists, and athletes, whose life history of intellectual or athletic excellence prior to becoming wealthy is itself proof of the possibility of gaining such excellence without necessarily being born wealthy. Example is Thales and Benjamin Franklin. Greeks showed that they were not only theater goers, but also invented many forms of theater still used today (such as, drama, comedy, and tragedy). Plays were used for education, as they still do today. They invited young people to adult events, where there were lots of opportunities for learning through emulation by the young. In such situations, adults usually acted uprightly in their capacity as role models.They also used statues of heroes as role models. Greeks used a informal educational system of expert teachers, who provided both an excellent education, and a model of excellence in learning. Democracy, itself a political invention of the ancient Greeks, in the sense of being consciously practiced, allows us today to have freedom of speech, without personal or political repercussions. This freedom, opens doors for putting to use our newly discovered abilities to think critically without fear of some punishment. Buildings also showed the excellence of he people. There buildings influenced agriculture in the west for centuries. Just as the Greek Olympics, our Olympics are still an enduring symbol of the best the world has to offer. We beleive in the Olympic Games, because we beleive in excellence. We honor the contestants of the games, because they are excellent often the most excellent in the world. They have formed excellence through continually improving their ablities. When we hire people, we want the best performers that we can afford. When we marry someone, we want the best person who will have us. Its only natural that we choose to seek excellence in what we do. The Olympic athletes who are...

Countries Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Countries Analysis - Assignment Example SOUTH AFRICA LABOUR ISSUES Labor force in South Africa has increased since the days of Apartheid. During Apartheid, most of the Blacks were working in the informal sector and mostly provided unskilled labor. In 1994 and 1995, officials revised employment statistics to join into national accounts employment in the former black homelands which were home to almost one-half of the black South African population subject to the revisions, in mid 1995, the government estimated the national work force to 14.3 million people.1 Section 23 of the Constitution of South Africa2 provides for labor relations that everyone has the right to fair labor practices, right to join a trade union and the right to engage in collective bargaining. In 1997, the country3 adopted a new constitution which set out the regulations and basic conditions of employment and the labor laws were to comply with the Republic. The Act applies to all employees save for the members of the National Defense Force, the National I ntelligence Agency, the Secret Service and unpaid volunteers. Section 7 of the Act gives the proviso for regulation of working times. It goes ahead to provide for the allowed rest period to include a rest period of at least 12 hours between ending and recommencing works daily. WAGES An employee must provide written particulars of employment before commencing employment which include place of work; designation of job; the rate payable for overtime and the employee wages. An employer has a duty to pay an employee remuneration that is paid in form of money, the payment has to be calculated by reference to the several hours the employee works, that is 45 hours a week, or 9 hours a day. Notice of termination has to be given to the employee some months or days before an employee is dismissed, this is provided for in the Act. The state enacted Labor Relations Acti which has undergone numerous amendments to change the law governing labor relations and, to give effect to section 27 of the Co nstitution. The Act regulates the rights of the organization; it regulates the rights of the trade unions; it promotes and facilitates collective bargaining at the workplace and at the sector level. The Labor Act also provides for the legal effect of collective agreements, Disputes about collective agreements, Agency shop agreements, Closed shop agreements, Establishment of bargaining councils, Powers and functions of bargaining council, Registration of bargaining councils and the Constitution of bargaining council. LABOR AND POLITICS South African Industrial development had relied on an abundance of low-wage labor for centuries in order to ensure profits,4 but as time went by, economic and social problems associated with implementing apartheid emerged. The development of new technologies during the 1960s and 1970s made most industries to increase their capital stock so that they could invest in machinery and employ a few skilled technicians rather than adopt a labor intensive metho d that would need training and managing a large work force. The trend towards capital-intensive operations led to a lower labor costs and increased productivity. As a result, there was an increased rate of unemployment and poverty which fueled resentment and this made the government to raise the costs of preserving apartheid. Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) was establishment in 1985 by 1990ii more than

Trace out the events leading to hyperinflation in either Germany from Research Paper

Trace out the events leading to hyperinflation in either Germany from 1922-1923, Hungary 1945-1946, or Zimbabwe from 2007-2008 - Research Paper Example Monetary policy in this case refers to the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money through interest rates in order to promote economic growth and stability (Eyler 15). Inflation is a monetary phenomenon which if it intensifies leads to hyperinflation like has been experienced in various countries over the years. Hyperinflation was defined by Cagan in 1956 as a â€Å"price level increase of at least 50% per month (Eppel et al. 33). It begins when monthly inflation rates exceed 50% and ends in the month before the rate falls below 50% and must remain so for at least a year. For example in Zimbabwe, it started in March 2007 and ended when the country abandoned its currency in February 2009. So what causes this hyperinflation despite there being monetary authorities to monitor the monetary policy? This will be the subject our study and the main focus will be on hyperinflation in Zimbabwe from 2007-2008 especially being the first country in twent y-first century to experience inflation and the second in the world hyperinflation record books (Hanke 2013 n.p). Literature Review Hyperinflation as stated earlier is the period beginning when inflation exceeds 50% and ending the month before inflation falls below 50%. Hyperinflation is not a new phenomenon as it began in France during the French revolution in 1795. During this incident the monthly inflation shot up to 143% (Koech 1). Koech also observed that hyperinflation occurred 28 times in the twentieth century especially due to the two world wars and transition from communism to market-based economies. However, Zimbabwe was the first to experience hyperinflation in the twenty-first century. It was also the 30th occurrence and the continent’s second after Congo in the 1991-1994. Hyperinflation is often attributed to wars, political mismanagement, and transition from command to market-based economies. However, no researcher has ever fully documented any case of hyperinfl ation due to difficulties in recording and publication of reliable inflation statistics. Most countries do not record such instances to avoid worsening the situation but Hanke did try to develop a Hyperinflation Index for Zimbabwe (HHIZ) based on market based price data (Hanke n.p). Inflation is regarded as general price level increases in the economy caused by a variety of factors but we shall be concerned with the monetary side of the economy. The monetary policy is used by economies to control money supply and money demand hence economic stability. This entails keeping inflation at the lowest as possible through control of interest rates. Monetary policy can either be expansionary or contractionary. Expansionary policy is aimed at lowering interest rates to attract investments thus combat unemployment during recession while contractionary policy is increasing interest rates hence slow inflation (Carbaugh 396). This is not difficult in a domestic economy. The problem comes in an o pen economy where international transactions are involved. Here, the exchange rate is very vital especially as they are very volatile and also determine balance of payment between nations. The exchange regime in place determines the ability of authorities to control inflation in the country. In a floating exchange

Human resource management ( HRM in spain) Essay

Human resource management ( HRM in spain) - Essay Example For instance, Anglo-Saxons consider management ability depending on interpersonal skills, while the French consider the most intellectual individuals as the best managers. On the other hand, Germans argue that good management is a function of formal authority (Valle, Martin, and Romero, 2001:249). In this regard therefore, it is evident that organizations all over the world are adopting global practices, but in many cases, they do so in nation-specific ways. Based on the General Motors case study in Spain, this paper seeks to provide a report on the international human resource management in Spain. The report covers the institutional context that influence human resource practices in that country, essentially focusing on the laws, employer organizations, trade unions, training an education system, and other relevant issues (Ferner, Quintanilla, and Varul, M.Z. 2001:116). Moreover, the report covers the current human resource management trend in the country based on relevant case stud ies. Overview of Spain Based on Hofstede analysis, Spain ranks high in uncertainty avoidance and low in masculinity score. This results from the Spaniards feelings concerning career security, rules, and regulation. The Spanish history in relation to human resource management traces back to the second half of the twentieth century. It is not after the death of General Franco and the subsequent collapse of his regime did the economy of Spain come into focus. The Spaniards looked upon their leader to lead then to democracy and the European Union. In those times, only a fraction of the labor market had employment. According to statistics, the levels of unemployment reached record highs in 1965, skyrocketing to about 38.5% (Perllow and Weeks, 2002:347). In the 80’s however, the levels reduced by about 5% to stand at 33.5%. Comparing these levels to other European states, Spain had the lowest level of employed women, accounting for only 18% of the entire women population in the cou ntry. Italy had an average of 25% and between 30% and 40% in northern Europe. PESTLE Analysis of Spain Political Spain adapts a kingdom type of state. The country has a constitutional monarchy primarily based on parliament democracy. Moreover, power is highly decentralized, with autonomous communities having a high legislative level. Furthermore, the country enjoys a fiscal and executive autonomy. After the restoration of political democracy in 1975 following the death of General Franco, the country has generally displayed stable leadership and democracy (Combs and Luthans, 2007:111). Economical The Spanish economy was already recording significant recovery by 2004 from the financial crisis, recording a 2.4% growth. This was 2% higher than the previous year and 7% higher than the recorded levels in 2002. According to statistics, the highest unemployment record in recent times was that of 2000, but dropped to about 10.8% in 2004. Additionally, overall employment rate grew by 1.6%, wi th unemployment levels dropping by 3.5%. Spain seeks to promote employment in line with the European Union Directives. Nonetheless, the European Union directive merely present a framework for guiding human resource practices, but does not offer maximum protection to the equality and rights of employees in the work place (Lam, Chen and Schaubroeck, 2002:907). The local legislation that currently exist act as the

Dreams and its Interpretation Essay Example for Free

Dreams and its Interpretation Essay We have always been fascinated with dreams. Numerous theories on the subject have been proposed since the early Greek period attempting to explain the nature and purpose of dreams. During the ancient times, dreams are believed to be inspiration from the gods. That it, the gods uses dreams to communicate their messages and their warnings. The Scripture alone has a large amount of anecdotes expressing the Christian belief on dreams and these beliefs differ on a very little scale with that of the beliefs of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians (Brill, 1922). Passing on from the ancient times, beliefs regarding the nature of dreams have varied little in terms of its religious aspect. But it was not until the late nineteenth century that psychology began to offer a new insight on the subject of dreams. It would be an enormous feat to discuss the various theories regarding dreams and its analysis and interpretation but perhaps it is more than helpful to discuss first the dream process before attempting to look at its analysis and interpretation. According to Auld, Hyman, and Rudzinski (2005), â€Å"the dream gives expression to unconscious forces in a much more direct way than other mental contents do† (p. 185). As it is, dreams only happen when one is asleep. When asleep, the sleeper/dreamer stops actions directed toward the outside world allowing some thoughts and feelings penetrate the mind more freely than when the dreamer is awake. These thoughts and feelings now constitute the dream content. Most dream contents consist of the dreamer’s memories of events of his waking life, usually experiences of the day preceding the dream and conflicts from early childhood that are repressed, and therefore unconscious even in sleep. Dreams become an instrument for the expression and fulfilment for these unconscious conflicts (Auld, Hyman, Rudzinski, 2005). However, these unconscious conflicts and preconscious day residues are not just simply represented into dreams. The dreamer first translates these thoughts and memories into visual images which are then represented by a series of images as they enter the dreamer’s consciousness. The dreamer remembers and reports verbally this series of images. This report is called the manifest dream while the psychological structure from which the manifest dream was developed is called the latent dream. Freud calls this process as the dream-work (the changing of the latent dream into the manifest dream) (Freud, 1920). Freud explains that to be able to interpret the dream, that is, to fully recover the latent dream thoughts as fully as possible, one must get the dreamer to give association to each element of the manifest dream (this is what is called the free-association). He further explains that the manifest dream is a distorted version of the latent dream, not only because thoughts and feelings had to be translated into visual imagery but also because repressive forces of the personality were active and brought about a disguising and censoring transformation material. Freud referred to this as censorship. Other psychological operations involved in the dream-work are condensation, symbolism, dramatization, and secondary revision. In condensation, a single image in the manifest dream can represent several images in the latent dream. Manifest dreams are often represented through symbolism, wherein the elements present in the manifest dream represent the elements present in the latent dream. Dramatization refers to the manner in which the dreamer’s thoughts and feelings are represented through concrete pictorial representations. Finally, the dream elements that are contradictory and of disparate origin, are rearranged in its final manifest form comprehensible to the dreamer. This is referred to as the secondary revision. Once understood, these psychological operations can aid in the interpretation of dreams (Alperin, 2004). REFERENCES: Alperin, R. M. (2004). Toward an integrated understanding of dreams. Clinical Social Work Journal, 32(4), 451-469. Auld, F. , Hyman, M. , Rudzinski, D. (2005). Resolution of inner conflict: An introduction to psychoanalytic therapy (2nd ed. ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Brill, A. A. (1922). Psychanalysis: Its theories and practical application. London: WB Saunders Co. Freud, S. (1920). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New York: Horace Liveright.

Major Functions Of The Skin

Major Functions Of The Skin The skin is the largest organ of the body. Measuring between 1.5 and 2.0 square metres in an adult, it forms an extensive contact area with the environment. This contact presents a variety of important challenges, which the skin must meet in order to protect the body. It also provides important opportunities, which the skin uses to maintain homeostasis. Consider the challenges and opportunities posed by contact with the environment and relate them to the major functions of the skin. The integumentary system, consisting of skin, hair and nails, act as a barrier to protect the body from the environment.   Some challenges and opportunities posed to the skin by the environments are; exposure to sunlight/UV Rays, bacteria, mechanical damage, chemical damage and thermal damage. The integumentary system acts as a barrier in three ways: a chemical barrier, a physical barrier and a biological barrier. The integumentary system works with the immune system to create a biological barrier. Specialized cells in the skin find and destroy foreign bacteria. A physical barrier consists of hard, keratinized cells in the nails, skin and hair. These cells especially in skin and nails help protect the internal organs and blood system from external environmental factors. Hair helps to minimalise insects from crawling on the skin, protect the scalp from physical trauma and regulate heat. A chemical barrier is also due to skin. The skin has sweat glands which secrete substances onto the skin that stop the reproduction of bacteria. The skin also produces melanin which acts to protect ultraviolet rays from the sun however despite melanins protective factors excessive sun exposure will eventually damage the skin. 2 Explain how the structures of the skin contribute to its functions. 35% 437.5 Answer The skin is the largest organ in the integumentary system and has 2 major components: the cutaneous membrane or skin and the accessory structures. The cutaneous membrane has 2 components: the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the outer layer of the  skin and the dermis is a layer of  skin  between the  epidermis  and  subcutaneous tissues. The accessory structures consists of hair, nails and multicellular exocrine glands. The epidermis consists of 5 layers; the stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum and corneum. The Stratum basale is the outer layer of skin, the  stratum spinosum  is a layer of the  epidermis  found between the  stratum granulosum  and  stratum basale.[1]   This layer helps to prevent dehydration, the  stratum granulosum  is the layer between the  stratum lucidum  and  stratum spinosum, the  stratum lucidum  is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells. It is found only in areas of thick skin, most noticeably on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet and finally the  stratum corneum  is the outermost layer and is filled with keratin, which is made up of dead cells. The dermis is responsible for the strength of skin. Its main functions are to regulate temperature and to supply the epidermis with nutrient-saturated blood. Much of the bodys water supply is stored within the dermis.  The dermis contains most of the skins specialized cells and structures, including: Blood vessels, lymph vessels, hair  follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous, or oil, glands, nerve endings, collagen  and  elastin. The dermis layer is made up of two sublayers, the papillary layer, which contains a thin arrangement of collagen fibers. The papillary layer supplies nutrients to select layers of the epidermis and regulates temperature. The second is the reticular layer which is thicker and made of thick collagen fibers that are arranged in parallel to the surface of the skin. The reticular layer strengthens the skin, providing structure and elasticity. A layer of tissue that lies immediately below the dermis is the hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue. The hypodermis consists primarily of loose  connective tissue  and lobules of fat and acts as an energy reserve. It contains larger  blood vessels  and nerves  than those found in the dermis.  The hypodermis contains: elastic fibers, fibrous bands, fat, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, hair follicle roots, nerves and muscle. The skin includes the following functions; protection, sensation, heat regulation, control of evaporation, storage and synthesis, absorption, water resistance. The structures of the skin all work together to maintain the important functions. 3 You are exercising on a hot day. Explain two ways in which the integumentary system acts to preserve homeostasis 20% 250 Answer Two ways in which the integumentary system acts to preserve homeostasis are sweating and vasodilation. Homeostasis is a term for your bodys ability to regulate your internal state, and sweating is an example of this. If your body  temperature gets too high, one of the homeostatic mechanisms used to bring your temp back to normal is sweating. Eccrine sweat glands are the major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin. Sweat is clear secretion that is primarily water and salt (sodium chloride). Sweat reaches the skin via a duct that opens externally as a funnel shaped pore. Eccrine sweat glands are a highly efficient part of the heat regulating system, they are supplied with nerve endings that cause them to secrete sweat when the bodys temperature gets too high. When sweat evaporates off the skins surface it takes body heat with it. On a hot day you could lose up to 7 litres of body water. Another way the integumentary system acts to preserve homeostasis is vasodilation. Blood vessels supplying blood to the skin can swell or dilate called vasodilation. This causes more heat to be carried by the blood to the skin, where it can be lost to the air however if the external environment is as hot as or hotter than the body the only way to release heat is through evaporation of perspiration. This is an efficient source of heat loss as long as the air is dry, if it is humid evaporation occurs at a much slower rate leaving the person hot and irritated. When the body cools down the hypothalamus through the autonomic nervous system tells the heat loss centre to switch off. 4 Indicate how ageing affects the skin and explain how these changes affect its normal function. 15% Answer As people age their epidermal cell replacement slows therefore the skin begins to thin resulting in an increase of bruising and other types of injury. The lubricating substances provided by the skin glands that provides young looking and soft skin start to become less efficient, resulting in dry itchy skin. Elastic fibers and collagen fibers become fewer and stiffer so the skin has much less elasticity resulting in wrinkles. The decrease in numbers of melanocytes and langerhans cells produced can enhance the risk of skin cancer in older age, especially if alot of ultraviolet rays are absorbed. UV rays are a major contribution to the rapidity of skins aging. Over time, the suns rays damage certain fibers in the skin called elastin. The breakdown of elastin fibers causes the skin to sag and take longer to heal. Ageing also affects things below the skin; loss of fat below the skin may result in loosening skin, bone loss after the age of 60 can cause puckering of the skin around the mouth, cartilage loss in the nose causes drooping of the nasal tip. Smokers also tend to have more wrinkles than non-smokers of the same age. Skin changes associated with ageing pose particular problems for nurses caring for elderly people. 5 Outline the nursing principles involved in skin care in the elderly. 15% Answer Elderly patients are prone to skin tears, ulcers, abrasions, irritation and infection especially if they are diabetic. If proper skin care is not adhered to, it can result in sores, dry/painful skin and even gangrene. When an elderly patient is bathing the temperature of the water should be warm rather than hot as elderly peoples skin does not contain as much oil as it once did, if all the oil is washed away, their skin is more susceptible to breaking, which can lead to infection. A mild soap should always be used as it is not harsh on their skin and helps prevent it from becoming dry. Due to the loss of natural oils in the skin, it is necessary to apply a moisturizing lotion after a bath and multiple times through the day. Using a moisturizer helps reduce the itchiness, and the likelihood of infection. It is not uncommon for some elderly patients to be confined to their bed 24 hours a day. This is when skin care is vital, especially if they are incontinent of bowel and bladder, washing and drying the area regularly can reduce the risk of a fungal infection forming. Elderly skin must be observed regularly to check for changes such as moles. MARK SHEET. Workbook 3 Integumentary system Question Marks out of 100 Marks Awarded 1st marker 2nd marker Agreed 1 15 2 35 3 20 4 15 5 15 Total 100 Final Agreed Mark Workbook 1 Workbook 2 Workbook 3 Final Percentage